|
Country
|
Languages (%)
|
|
Afghanistan
|
Pashtu (official) 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
|
|
Albania
|
Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects
|
|
Algeria
|
Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
|
|
American Samoa
|
Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English
note: most people are bilingual
|
|
Andorra
|
Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese
|
|
Angola
|
Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
|
|
Anguilla
|
English (official)
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda
|
English (official), local dialects
|
|
Argentina
|
Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
|
|
Armenia
|
Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%
|
|
Aruba
|
Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
|
|
Australia
|
English, native languages
|
|
Austria
|
German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official in Burgenland)
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)
|
|
Bahamas, The
|
English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
|
|
Bahrain
|
Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
|
|
Bangladesh
|
Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English
|
|
Barbados
|
English
|
|
Belarus
|
Belarusian, Russian, other
|
|
Belgium
|
Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)
|
|
Belize
|
English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole
|
|
Benin
|
French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)
|
|
Bermuda
|
English (official), Portuguese
|
|
Bhutan
|
Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
|
|
Bolivia
|
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
|
|
Botswana
|
English (official), Setswana
|
|
Brazil
|
Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
|
|
British Virgin Islands
|
English (official)
|
|
Brunei
|
Malay (official), English, Chinese
|
|
Bulgaria
|
Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population
|
|
Burma
|
Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages
|
|
Burundi
|
Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
|
|
Cambodia
|
Khmer (official) 95%, French, English
|
|
Cameroon
|
24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)
|
|
Canada
|
English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5%
|
|
Cape Verde
|
Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words)
|
|
Cayman Islands
|
English
|
|
Central African Republic
|
French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages
|
|
Chad
|
French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
|
|
Chile
|
Spanish
|
|
China
|
Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)
|
|
Christmas Island
|
English (official), Chinese, Malay
|
|
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
|
Malay (Cocos dialect), English
|
|
Colombia
|
Spanish
|
|
Comoros
|
Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)
|
|
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
|
French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba
|
|
Congo, Republic of the
|
French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread)
|
|
Cook Islands
|
English (official), Maori
|
|
Costa Rica
|
Spanish (official), English
|
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken
|
|
Croatia
|
Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German)
|
|
Cuba
|
Spanish
|
|
Cyprus
|
Greek, Turkish, English
|
|
Czech Republic
|
Czech
|
|
Denmark
|
Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)
note: English is the predominant second language
|
|
Djibouti
|
French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar
|
|
Dominica
|
English (official), French patois
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
Spanish
|
|
East Timor
|
Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English
note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people
|
|
Ecuador
|
Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)
|
|
Egypt
|
Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
|
|
El Salvador
|
Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
|
|
Eritrea
|
Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages
|
|
Estonia
|
Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, Finnish, other
|
|
Ethiopia
|
Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)
|
|
European Union
|
Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official languages are listed
|
|
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
|
English
|
|
Faroe Islands
|
Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
|
|
Fiji
|
English (official), Fijian, Hindustani
|
|
Finland
|
Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities
|
|
France
|
French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
|
|
French Guiana
|
French
|
|
French Polynesia
|
French (official), Tahitian (official)
|
|
Gabon
|
French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
|
|
Gambia, The
|
English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
|
|
Gaza Strip
|
Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
|
|
Georgia
|
Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%
note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia
|
|
Germany
|
German
|
|
Ghana
|
English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
|
|
Gibraltar
|
English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese
|
|
Greece
|
Greek 99% (official), English, French
|
|
Greenland
|
Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English
|
|
Grenada
|
English (official), French patois
|
|
Guadeloupe
|
French (official) 99%, Creole patois
|
|
Guam
|
English, Chamorro, Japanese
|
|
Guatemala
|
Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)
|
|
Guernsey
|
English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts
|
|
Guinea
|
French (official), each ethnic group has its own language
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages
|
|
Guyana
|
English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu
|
|
Haiti
|
French (official), Creole (official)
|
|
Holy See (Vatican City)
|
Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
|
|
Honduras
|
Spanish, Amerindian dialects
|
|
Hong Kong
|
Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official
|
|
Hungary
|
Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%
|
|
Iceland
|
Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken
|
|
India
|
English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language
|
|
Indonesia
|
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
|
|
Iran
|
Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
|
|
Iraq
|
Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
|
|
Ireland
|
English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard
|
|
Israel
|
Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language
|
|
Italy
|
Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)
|
|
Jamaica
|
English, patois English
|
|
Japan
|
Japanese
|
|
Jersey
|
English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts
|
|
Jordan
|
Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)
|
|
Kenya
|
English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages
|
|
Kiribati
|
I-Kiribati, English (official)
|
|
Korea, North
|
Korean
|
|
Korea, South
|
Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school
|
|
Kuwait
|
Arabic (official), English widely spoken
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language
note: in December 2001, the Kyrgyzstani legislature made Russian an official language, equal in status to Kyrgyz
|
|
Laos
|
Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages
|
|
Latvia
|
Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other
|
|
Lebanon
|
Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian
|
|
Lesotho
|
Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa
|
|
Liberia
|
English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence
|
|
Libya
|
Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
German (official), Alemannic dialect
|
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian
|
|
Luxembourg
|
Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language)
|
|
Macau
|
Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese)
|
|
Macedonia
|
Macedonian 68%, Albanian 25%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 2%, other 2%
|
|
Madagascar
|
French (official), Malagasy (official)
|
|
Malawi
|
English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally
|
|
Malaysia
|
Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest are Iban and Kadazan
|
|
Maldives
|
Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials
|
|
Mali
|
French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
|
|
Malta
|
Maltese (official), English (official)
|
|
Man, Isle of
|
English, Manx Gaelic
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
English (widely spoken as a second language, both English and Marshallese are official languages), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese
|
|
Martinique
|
French, Creole patois
|
|
Mauritania
|
Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof
|
|
Mauritius
|
English (official), Creole, French (official), Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri
|
|
Mayotte
|
Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population
|
|
Mexico
|
Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages
|
|
Micronesia, Federated States of
|
English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi
|
|
Moldova
|
Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
|
|
Monaco
|
French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
|
|
Mongolia
|
Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)
|
|
Montserrat
|
English
|
|
Morocco
|
Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy
|
|
Mozambique
|
Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, numerous other indigenous languages, Portuguese (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language)
|
|
Namibia
|
English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama
|
|
Nauru
|
Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes
|
|
Nepal
|
Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in government and business also speak English (1995)
|
|
Netherlands
|
Dutch (official language), Frisian (official language)
|
|
Netherlands Antilles
|
Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish
|
|
New Caledonia
|
French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
|
|
New Zealand
|
English (official), Maori (official)
|
|
Nicaragua
|
Spanish (official)
note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
|
|
Niger
|
French (official), Hausa, Djerma
|
|
Nigeria
|
English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani
|
|
Niue
|
Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English
|
|
Norfolk Island
|
English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian
|
|
Northern Mariana Islands
|
English, Chamorro, Carolinian
note: 86% of population speaks a language other than English at home
|
|
Norway
|
Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official)
note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
|
|
Oman
|
Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
|
|
Pakistan
|
Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%
|
|
Palau
|
English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official)
|
|
Panama
|
Spanish (official), English 14%
note: many Panamanians bilingual
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region
note: 715 indigenous languages -- many unrelated
|
|
Paraguay
|
Spanish (official), Guarani (official)
|
|
Peru
|
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages
|
|
Philippines
|
two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense
|
|
Pitcairn Islands
|
English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)
|
|
Poland
|
Polish
|
|
Portugal
|
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
Spanish, English
|
|
Qatar
|
Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language
|
|
Reunion
|
French (official), Creole widely used
|
|
Romania
|
Romanian (official), Hungarian, German
|
|
Russia
|
Russian, other
|
|
Rwanda
|
Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers
|
|
Saint Helena
|
English
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
English
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
English (official), French patois
|
|
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
|
French (official)
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
English, French patois
|
|
Samoa
|
Samoan (Polynesian), English
|
|
San Marino
|
Italian
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
Portuguese (official)
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Arabic
|
|
Senegal
|
French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
|
|
Serbia and Montenegro
|
Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%
|
|
Seychelles
|
English (official), French (official), Creole
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
|
|
Singapore
|
Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official)
|
|
Slovakia
|
Slovak (official), Hungarian
|
|
Slovenia
|
Slovenian 92%, Serbo-Croatian 6.2%, other 1.8%
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population
note: 120 indigenous languages
|
|
Somalia
|
Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English
|
|
South Africa
|
11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu
|
|
Spain
|
Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%
note: Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other languages are official regionally
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%
note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population
|
|
Sudan
|
Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
note: program of "Arabization" in process
|
|
Suriname
|
Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese
|
|
Svalbard
|
Norwegian, Russian
|
|
Swaziland
|
English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official)
|
|
Sweden
|
Swedish
note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
|
|
Switzerland
|
German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch (official) 0.6%, other 8.9%
|
|
Syria
|
Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
|
|
Taiwan
|
Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
|
|
Tajikistan
|
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
|
|
Tanzania
|
Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages
note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
|
|
Thailand
|
Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
|
|
Togo
|
French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
|
|
Tokelau
|
Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
|
|
Tonga
|
Tongan, English
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
|
|
Tunisia
|
Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)
|
|
Turkey
|
Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
|
|
Turks and Caicos Islands
|
English (official)
|
|
Tuvalu
|
Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)
|
|
Uganda
|
English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
|
|
Ukraine
|
Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
|
|
United Kingdom
|
English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
|
|
United States
|
English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)
|
|
Uruguay
|
Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
|
|
Vanuatu
|
three official languages: English, French, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama), plus more than 100 local languages
|
|
Venezuela
|
Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
|
|
Vietnam
|
Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
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Virgin Islands
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English (official), Spanish, Creole
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Wallis and Futuna
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French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)
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West Bank
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Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
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Western Sahara
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Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
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World
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Chinese, Mandarin 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish 5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2.63%, Russian 2.75%, Japanese 2.06%, German, Standard 1.64%, Korean 1.28%, French 1.27% (2000 est.)
note: percents are for "first language" speakers only
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Yemen
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Arabic
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Zambia
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English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages
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Zimbabwe
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English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects
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This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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