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This section describes the user options for RAINS-EMCO for SO2, NOx and ammonia, which are neither in the main menu nor in the File sub-menu. They are ordered by menus and sub-menus.
See at RAINS user options for a graphical list of the user options.
The Edit control strategy option allows you to create your own
control strategy for various
types of emission sources. These control strategies can then be used for
creating an
emission abatement
scenario (EAS).
Control strategies may reflect a set of technological
standards (e.g., best available technology controls) or may simulate national
legislation in individual countries.
Selecting this option opens a File selection window.
On selection of the EDIT option, you are provided with the facility to open and edit a previously saved control strategy file. After finishing editing, the new control strategy can be saved under a new name.
Selecting the EDIT, will open a Control strategy window (NOx & SO2), Control strategy window (Ammonia).
Menu path:
Control / Edit control strategy
Subwindow:
Remarks:
The default control strategy file is NO_CONTR.CxA, which assumes no control technologies applied to any sources (sectors). The character "x" in the extension of the file name takes a value S, N or A for sulfur, NOx and Ammonia modules respectively. The name of the default control strategy can be changed in the definition file (RAINS.INI).
This option opens a File selection window where you can select a control strategy that should be removed.
In order to remove a control strategy, select one of the control strategies from the list and click on DELETE.
CANCEL will close the File selection window without changing anything; HELP provides on-line help.
Menu path:
Control / Delete control strategy
This option opens a data display window named Powerplants & district heating, that displays a table of total energy consumption (in PJ) for the selected region of a country categorized by the fuel types used in power plants and the heating sector. The table lists fuel consumption for the previously selected year and scenario (energy pathway).
The power plant and district heating sector includes centralized (or public) power and district heating plants, sub-divided into existing plants with wet bottom boilers (PP_EX_WB), other existing plants (PP_EX_OTH), and new plants (PP_NEW). The total energy consumption in this sector (PP_TOTAL) is also displayed.
Electricity and district heat production in the power plant sector contains gross production of electricity and heat (incl. autoproducers) and is reported with a negative sign. Electricity and heat losses as well as the own use are reported in the Conversion sector. Energy consumption tables in RAINS are based on the Total Primary Energy Requirement (TPER) standards of reporting electricity conversion efficiencies. Efficiency of 38.4 % is used for nuclear, hydroelectric and geothermal energy.
Menu path:
Energy / Total / Powerplant and heating
This option opens a data display window named Conversion & industry, that displays a table of total energy consumption (in PJ) within a selected region of a country, categorized by the fuel types used in the fuel conversion and industry sectors. The table lists energy consumption figures for the selected year and scenario (energy pathway).
The fuel consumption in the conversion sector is divided into combustion
(CON_COMB) and losses (CON_LOSS).
Consumption in industry
is divided into combustion in boilers (IN_BO) and other industrial combustion
(IN_OCTOT). Further, non-energy use (NONEN) is also reported. However, for
calculations of emissions from other industrial combustion, values from the
column (IN_OC) are taken. This column is created during the initialization of
model coefficients through subtraction of energy consumption in cement and lime
industry from the column (IN_OCTOT). This is necessary because processes of
cement and lime production are characterized by a high retention of the sulfur
contained in fuel. Total emissions from these processes are calculated with the
use of the process
emission factors. Correction of energy data used for emissions calculations
is necessary to avoid double accounting.
Energy use reported in the conversion sector includes energy that is combusted in that sector, not energy converted into other energy forms. Thus, instead of reporting coal input to coking plants, the consumption of products (coke and coke oven gas) in each economic sector is reported. Also for the refining sector consumption of individual products in each sector is reported. The conversion sector includes also the losses of individual energy forms during transport, transmission and distribution of energy as well as the own use of energy producers. Definition of the Conversion sector in RAINS is broadly consistent with Corinair'90 sectors 05 plus 030201-02 and 040104.
Menu path:
Energy / Total / Conversion and industry
This option opens a data display window named Houshold & transport, that displays a table of total energy consumption (in PJ) within a selected region of a country, categorized by the fuel types used in the household/domestic (DOM) and transport (TRA) sectors. The table lists energy consumption figures for the selected year and scenario (energy pathway).
The transport sector is divided into transportation by road (TRA_RD) and other means (TRA_OTHER) including rail, inland water and coastal transport as well as off-road vehicles. In the NOx module, a more detailed split of energy consumption in road transport is presented in a separate window.
Menu path:
Energy / Total / Houshold and transport
This option opens a data display window named Road transport, that displays a table of total energy consumption (in PJ) within a selected region of a country, categorized by the fuel types used by road transport (TRA_RD). The table lists energy consumption for the selected year and scenario (energy pathway). The road transport sector is divided into light duty vehicles (cars, light duty trucks, motorcycles and mopeds) equipped with two-stroke engines (TRA_RD_LD2) and four-stroke engines (TRA-RD-LD4) and into heavy duty vehicles (trucks and buses) - (TRA_RD_HD).
Menu path:
Energy / Total / Road transport
This option opens a data display window named Industrial processes activity levels, that provide you with the facilities to view activity levels [in million tons/year] for all industrial processes, for the selected region for all years for a selected scenario (energy pathway), in tabular format.
This window displays a table of production levels (in million metric tons/year) of products causing process emissions within a selected region of a country and the selected scenario. The production figures in this context refer to the years available in the model. Here, the industrial process sectors include: oil refineries (IN_PR_REF), coke plants (IN_PR_COKE), sinter plants (IN_PR_SINT), pig iron - blast furnaces (IN_PR_PIGI), non-ferrous metal smelters (IN_PR_NFME), sulfuric acid plants (IN_PR_SUAC), nitric acid plants (IN_PR_NIAC), cement and lime plants (IN_PR_CELI), and pulp mills (IN_PR_PULP). The production level is reported as zero (0) whenever the selected region does not have a particular type of process industry .
Menu path:
Energy / Total / Industrial processes
The Fuel consumption in the cement industry option provides you with the facility to view the unit fuel consumption in cement and lime industry for the selected region for all years.
Because processes of cement and lime production are characterized by a high
retention of sulfur contained in fuel, total emissions from this industry are
calculated using process
emission factors. In order to avoid double accounting, fuel consumption by
cement and lime industry is subtracted from total industrial fuel consumption
used for calculations of emissions.
The first row in the table displays the
unit energy consumption in peta joules (PJ) per million tons cement / lime for
each year.
The other rows contain the information on the composition of
fuels used (in percent per 100).
Menu path:
Energy / Total / Fuel cons. in cement industry
This option opens a data display
window named Energy consumption by fuel, that displays a table (or
graph) of energy consumption figures (in PJ), categorized by fuel type, for the
specified years and the selected scenario.
The specified years in this
context refer to the years available in the model. The table also includes the
sum of energy consumed for each year.
Menu path:
Energy / Aggregated data / Energy by fuel
Toolbar button:
This option opens a data display
window named Energy by sector, that displays a table (or graph) of
energy consumption (in PJ) for the selected countries/regions categorized by the
economic sectors.
The table lists energy consumption figures for the
selected years and a selected scenario. The specified years in this context
refer to the years available in the model. The table also includes the sum of
energy consumed for each year.
Menu path:
Energy / Aggregated data / Energy by sector
Toolbar button:
This option opens a data display
window named Energy by fuel per sector, that displays a table of
energy consumption (in PJ) within the selected countries/regions, categorized by
fuel type and economic sector.
The table lists energy consumption figures
for a specified year and the selected scenario.
Menu path:
Energy / Aggregated data / Energy by fuel per sector
Toolbar button:
This option opens a data display
window named
Energy consumption by fuels in transport, that displays a table of
energy consumption (in PJ) for the selected countries/regions, categorized by
fuel types used by the transport categories distinguished in the model.
Values
in the table are for all years available in the model and for a selected
scenario. The table also includes the sum of energy consumed over each
transport sector by the selected regions/countries.
Menu path:
Energy / Aggregated data / Energy by fuel in transport
This sub-menu provides an alternative option to view energy scenarios. Its functionality is basically the same as that of Energy/Total. The only difference is that the current menu allows you to view also those energy scenarios, that have not been incorporated into any emissioon reduction scenarios. For viewing energy data you have to select a region and an energy scenario (pathway). The energy pathway can be selected with the Energy pathway option. The sub-menu Region totals contains options to display (region specific) energy data.
Menu path:
Energy / Energy parameters >
This option provides you with the facility to select an
energy pathway for viewing the
energy data.
This selection is only available for viewing data in the Region
totals sub-menu. The energy pathways for the emission abatement (reduction)
scenarios are defined in scenario definition files. Thus this option
does not have any effect on emission abatement scenarios.
The Energy Pathway window displays all available energy pathways.
You can select one of them by clicking into the referring radio button and
confirming with OK.
CANCEL will abort this option without
changing the current energy pathway. If no energy pathway was selected, there
will still be no selection if you abort with CANCEL.
HELP
provides the context sensitive on-line help.
Menu path:
Energy / Energy parameters / Energy pathway
This sub-menu contains user options to view energy input data. Before you can display energy input data you have to select a region and an energy pathway.
The user options in this menu are:
Menu path:
Energy / Energy parameters / Region Totals >
This option opens a data display window named Emissions - selected countries, that displays a table with calculated emissions of pollutant under study (in kilotons) for all selected countries over all years available in the model and for a selected scenario.
Menu path:
Emissions / Total / Country totals
This option opens a data display window named Area emissions - selected regions, that displays a table with calculated emissions for the selected pollutant (in kilotons) for all selected regions over all years available in the model and for a selected scenario.
Menu path:
Emissions / Total / Region totals
This option performs emission calculations and opens a data display window named Emissions per fuel, that displays a table (or graph) of calculated emissions (in kilotons) within selected countries/regions. The emissions are categorized by fuel type for all years available in the model and a selected scenario.
Menu path:
Emissions / Aggregations / Emissions by fuel
Toolbar button:
This option performs emission calculations and opens a data display window named Emissions per sector, that displays a table (or graph) of calculated emissions (in ktons) within selected countries/regions. The emissions are categorized by economic sectors for all years available in the model and a selected scenario.
Menu path:
Emissions / Aggregations / Emissions by sector
Toolbar button:
This option performs emission calculations and opens a data display window named Emissions by fuel per sectors, that displays a table of calculated emissions (in kilotons) within selected countries/regions. The emissions are categorized by fuel type and economic sectors for a selected year and scenario. The table also displays the sum of emissions for each economic sector within selected countries/regions.
Menu path:
Emissions / Aggregations / Emissions by fuel per sector
Toolbar button:
This option opens a data display window named Non-controlable emissions, which displays a table with emissions from those anthropogenic sources that are assumed to remain uncontrolled. In the current version of RAINS two such emission sources have been included, namely air traffic (LTO operations) and other anthropogenic emissions (e.g., waste treatment and disposal). Their contribution to total emissions is small. The emissions are given in kilo tons per year for every year available in the model.
Menu path:
Emissions / Aggregations / Other emission sources
This option performs emission calculations and opens a data display window named Emissions by fuels in transport sector that displays a table of calculated emissions (in kilotons) within selected countries/regions. The emissions are categorized by the fuel types used in the transport sector and by individual subsectors for all years available in the model and for a selected scenario.
Menu path:
Emissions / Aggregations / Emissions by fuel in transport
This option performs emission calculations and opens a data display window named Emissions in transport by subsectors that displays a table (or graph) of calculated emissions (in kilotons) within the selected countries/regions. The emissions are categorized by the transport subsectors (Transport road - light duty vehicles (TR_RD_LD), Transport road - heavy duty vehicles (TRA_RD_HD), Transport other (TRA_OTHER) and Total transport), for all years available in the model and for a selected scenario.
Menu path:
Emissions / Aggregations / Emissions by subsectors in transport
This option saves the current sums of emissions or emission abatement costs
into a RAINS datafile. These sums are the data displayed by the Total
(sub-)options Country totals and
Region totals. During the creation of a
new abatement scenario you do
not need this option, because the data is
automatically stored in the databases during the saving of new scenarios.
In
order to speed up the calculation, RAINS stores some interim results, such as
country total emissions, into special files and uses them later to perform
further calculations. Therefore, you have to be careful that you perform a Save
into file operation when modifying an existing emission
control strategy file without using a new file name. Otherwise the sums of
emissions (or costs) displayed under the Aggregation sub-menus (which
are always calculated 'on-line') will differ from the values displayed under the
Total sub-menus, which are taken from the previously stored interim
files. Also cost curves will be created with wrong values of initial emissions.
Recalculation is also necessary after changing input data directly in the data files (databases) using external tools (e.g., if you modify energy data or emission factors in the appropriate databases using EXCEL or FOXPRO). However, the software of the RAINS does not support performing such external changes. Thus, if you decide to modify files externally, you will be solely responsible for the calculated results. Be sure that you really know what you do (or intend to do). For this, please refer to more detailed documentation of RAINS, (e.g. Amann et. al., 1993).
Select all countries/regions for which you want to save country/region totals to the file. Then click on the appropriate option. The data (emissions or costs) is automatically stored in the correct file. You do not need to enter any filenames or pathnames.
Menu path:
Emissions / Aggregations / Save into file
or
Costs / Aggregations / Save into file
On selecting this option, a sub-menu appears which enables you to display various parameters that are used in calculation of sulfur dioxide emissions. The sub-menus available under this options are presented below. The following sections describe each option in detail:
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional Coefficients
This option opens a data display
window named
Sulfur content, that displays a table of the sulfur content (a
fuel-characteristic parameter) of fuels used in a selected region of a country,
and is categorized by fuel type and economic sector.
The sulfur content is
reported as the percent of sulfur contained in different fuels (as supplied to
the furnace, i.e., wet mass) for each of the specified sectors.
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional Coefficients / Sulfur content
This option opens a data display window named Heat values of fuels, that displays a table with the heat values (a fuel-characteristic parameter) of fuels used in a selected region of a country, and is categorized by fuel type and economic sector.
The heat value is reported as the lower (or net) calorific value, in Gigajoules per metric ton of fuel (as supplied to the furnace, i.e., wet mass), of different fuels for each of the specified sectors.
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional Coefficients / Heat falues of fuel
This option opens a data display window named Sulfur retention in ash, that displays a table of sulfur retention (a fuel-characteristic parameter) of fuels used in a selected region of a country, and is categorized by fuel type and economic sector.
The sulfur retained is reported (for solid fuels and heavy fuel oil only) as a fraction of sulfur retained in the ash (in ton/ton) after combustion for each of the specified sectors.
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional Coefficients / Sulfur retention in ash
This option opens a data display window named Emission factors, that displays a table of emission factors for the fuels used in a selected region of a country, and is categorized by fuel type and economic sector.
The emission factor is expressed as kt SO2 emitted per PJ of fuel burned.
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional Coefficients / Emission factors
This option opens a data display window named Removal efficiency + cost coefficients, that displays a table of removal efficiency coefficients (REMEFF), along with uncontrolled plant emission factors (EEMF) and cost coefficients (EEC), for all possible fuel/sector/control technology combinations for the selected region.
The removal efficiency is expressed as a percentage of sulfur dioxide removed using a particular control technology. The emission factor is expressed in kt sulfur dioxide emitted/PJ fuel. Since process emissions are calculated with the use of a separate routine that aggregates emissions over several processes, the emission factor displayed in this table does not have any meaning and is displayed in this table as (1.00). The cost coefficient is reported in ECU/ton SO2 removed using a particular fuel/sector/control technology combination.
Menu path:
Costs / Cost parameters / Regional Coefficients / Removal efficiency & cost coefficients
This option opens a data display window named Industrial processes SO2 emission factors, that displays a table of the so-called process emission factors for the selected region of a country.
The emission factors are given in kg of pollutant per ton of activity of process causing process emissions.
Menu path:
Emissions / Process emission factors
This option opens a data display window named Emission controls in 1990, that displays information on emission controls in the selected region in the base year (1990). The table displays fuel consumption in Petajoules (PJ) in objects equipped with emission controls for each fuel/sector/control technology combination applicable to the region. The percentage of total capacities controlled is also specified. For process emissions (NOF/IN_PR/SO2PR) total regional annual process emissions (in kilotons SO2) are specified in the first numeric column. The last column shows the percentage of total regional emissions caused by a given fuel/sector combination controlled by a given technology.
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional Coefficients / Base year emission control
Remarks:
If no control technology was applied in the base year (1990) in the current region, a message "Table is empty" is displayed.
If the current scenario does not take base year controls into account, a warning: "base year controls not included in the actual scenario" is displayed.
On selecting this option, a sub-menu appears which enables to display various parameters that are used in the calculation of nitrogen oxides emissions. The sub-menus available under this option are presented below. The sections that follow describe each option in detail.
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional Coefficients >
This option opens a data display window named NOx emission coefficients, that displays a table of emission factors of fuels used in a selected region of a country, and is categorized by fuel type and economic sector.
The emission factor is expressed as kt NOx emitted per PJ of fuel burned. The value (-1) means that a given fuel/sector combination is not applicable.
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional Coefficients / NOx Emission Factors
This option opens a data display window named Industrial processes NOx emission factors, that displays a table of the so-called process emission factors for the selected region of a country.
The emission factors are given in kg of pollutant per ton of activity of process causing process emissions.
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional coefficients / Process emission factors
This option opens a data display
window named NOx emission controls in 1990, that displays
information on emission controls in the selected region in the base year (1990).
The table displays fuel consumption in Petajoules (PJ) in objects equipped with
emission controls for each fuel/sector/control technology combination applicable
to the region. The percentage of total fuel input controlled is also specified.
For process emissions (NOF/IN_PR/NOXPR) total regional annual process emissions
(in kilotons NOx) are specified in the first numeric column. The last column
shows the percentage of total regional emissions caused by a given fuel/sector
combination controlled by a given technology.
Menu path:
Emissions / Regional coefficients / Base year emission control
Remarks:
If no control technology was applied in the base year (1990) in the current region, a message "Table is empty" is displayed.
If the current scenario does not take base year controls into account, a warning: "base year controls not included in the actual scenario" is displayed.
This sub-menu contains the Sulfur content of low sulfur fuels option. This parameter is country- and region independent.
Menu path:
Emissions / Common parameters >
This option displays the sulfur content of low sulfur fuel in percent. This is the remaining sulfur content of the low sulfur fuels.
It displays for each sector and fuel/technology combination the data in a data display window.
Menu path:
Emissions / Common parameters / Sulfur content of LS fuels
On selecting this option, a sub-menu appears which enables you to display various parameters that can be used in calculation of nitrogen oxides emissions for all regions. The sub-menus available under this option are presented below. The sections that follow describe each option in detail.
Menu path:
Emissions / Common Coefficients
This option opens a data display window named NOx default emission coefficients, that displays a table of default emission factors that can be applied to any region in Europe in case region-specific data base with emission factors does not exist.
The emission factor is expressed as kt NOx emitted per PJ of fuel burned. A value of (-1) means that a given fuel/sector combination is not feasible.
Menu path:
Emissions / Common coefficients / NOx Default emission factors
Remarks:
Default values are based on data used for the European CORINAIR inventory. These values represent typical processes in Western Europe. For individual plants or countries the factor may be in the range of -50 % to +100 % of the average value due to differences in technology, quality of raw material, maintenance procedures, etc.
This option opens a data display window named Default industrial process NOx emission factors, that displays a table of default process emission factors that can be applied to any region in Europe in case region-specific data base with emission factors does not exist.
Menu path:
Emissions / Common Coefficients / Default Process Emission Factors
This option opens a data display window named NOx removal efficiency , that displays a table of removal efficiencies (in %) for every fuel type, sector and control technology combination.
Menu path:
Emissions / Common coefficients / NOx Removal efficiency
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