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  Serbia and Montenegro  
Flag of Serbia and Montenegro
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  Introduction
  Geography
  People
  Government
  Economy
  Communications
  Transportation
  Military
  Transnational Issues

In general, information available as of 1 January 2003
was used in the preparation of The World Factbook 2003.


This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003


Map of Serbia and Montenegro

Legend: DefinitionDefinition Field ListingField Listing Rank OrderRank Order
   Introduction    Serbia and Montenegro
Background:
Definition Field Listing
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by various paramilitary bands that fought themselves as well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took full control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although Communist, his new government successfully steered its own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia, and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia all declared their independence in 1991; Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) in 1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military intervention efforts to unite Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1999, massive expulsions by FRY forces and Serb paramilitaries of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo provoked an international response, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of NATO, Russian, and other peacekeepers in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall of 2000, brought about the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as president. The arrest of MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed for his subsequent transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes against humanity. In 2001, the country's suspension was lifted, and it was once more accepted into UN organizations under the name of Yugoslavia. Kosovo has been governed by the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since June 1999, under the authority of UN Security Council Resolution 1244. In 2002, the Serbian and Montenegrin components of Yugoslavia began negotiations to forge a looser relationship. These talks became a reality in February 2003 when lawmakers restructured the country into a loose federation of two republics called Serbia and Montenegro. An agreement was also reached to hold a referendum in each republic in three years on full independence.
   Geography    Serbia and Montenegro
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Europe
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 102,350 sq km
water: 214 sq km
land: 102,136 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly smaller than Kentucky
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
199 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
NA
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome, hydropower, arable land
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 36.34%
permanent crops: 3.44%
other: 60.22% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
570 sq km
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
   People    Serbia and Montenegro
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10,655,774
note: a census was taken in Serbia 1-15 April 2002 (July 2003 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 19.3% (male 1,062,625; female 990,071)
15-64 years: 65.4% (male 3,422,543; female 3,548,058)
65 years and over: 15.3% (male 696,716; female 935,761) (2003 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 36.2 years
male: 34.3 years
female: 37.9 years (2002)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
0.07% (2003 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
12.74 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
-1.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 16.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
male: 18.57 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 73.97 years
male: 71.03 years
female: 77.16 years (2003 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.77 children born/woman (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0.2% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10,000 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 100 (2001 est.)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93%
male: 97.2%
female: 88.9% (1991)
   Government    Serbia and Montenegro
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Serbia and Montenegro
conventional short form: none
local short form: none
local long form: Srbija i Crna Gora
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
republic
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
Belgrade; note - Podgorica is the judicial capital
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
National Day, 27 April
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
4 February 2003
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
based on civil law system
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Dragisa PESIC (since 24 July 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub LABUS (since 25 January 2001)
cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinet
elections: president elected by the Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held NA 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by the Parliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35 Montenegrin - filled by nominees of the two state parliaments for the first two years, after which the president will call for public elections
elections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - DOS 37, DLECG 19, DSS 17, ZP 14, SPS 12, SRS 8, SDP 5, SSJ 5, other 9
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Federal Court or Savezni Sud; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms
note: after the promulgation of the new Constitution, the Federal Court will have constitutional and administrative functions; it will have an equal number of judges from each republic
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS (a coalition of many small parties including DSS) [leader NA]; Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president]; Democratic List for European Montenegro or DLECG [Milo DJUKANOVIC, Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Democratic Party or DS [collective interim leadership led by Cedomir JOVANOVIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Party of Serb Unity or SSJ [Borislav PELEVIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party and party of Slobodan MILOSEVIC) [Zoran ANDJELKOVIC, general secretary]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Rasim LJAJIC]; Together for Changes or ZP [leader NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA]; Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Group of 17 Independent Economists or G-17 [leader NA]; National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK [Sabit GASHI]; Otpor Student Resistance Movement [leader NA]; Political Council for Presevo, Meveda and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA]; The People's Movement for Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
ABEDA, BIS, CE (guest), CEI, EBRD, FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISET, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Ivan VUJACIC
chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
consulate(s) general: Chicago
FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933
telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador William D. MONTGOMERY
embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade
mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070
telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344
FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
   Economy    Serbia and Montenegro
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the war in Kosovo have left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A World Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club government debts was concluded in November 2001; it will write off 66% of the debt; a similar debt relief agreement on its $2.8 billion London Club commercial debt is still pending. The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. Kosovo, while technically still part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro) according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, is moving toward local autonomy under United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and is dependent on the international community for financial and technical assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav dinar are official currencies, and UNMIK collects taxes and manages the budget. The complexity of Serbia and Montenegro political relationships, slow progress in privatization, and stagnation in the European economy are holding back the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, are an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment remains a key political economic problem.
GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
purchasing power parity - $23.15 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
4% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 26%
industry: 36%
services: 38% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
30%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
19% (2002 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
32% (2002 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $3.9 billion
expenditures: $4.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.7% (2002 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
31.71 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source:
Definition Field Listing
fossil fuel: 62.9%
hydro: 37.1%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
32.37 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
446 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
3.33 billion kWh (2001)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
15,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
64,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA (2001)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
38.75 million bbl (37257)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing
602 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing
602 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing
0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing
0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
24.07 billion cu m (37257)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$2.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Italy 32%, Germany 19.5%, Greece 7%, Austria 6.1%, France 4.6% (2002)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$6.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Germany 19.4%, Italy 18%, Austria 8.5%, Slovenia 5.6%, Greece 4.4%, France 4.3%, Bulgaria 4.2%, Romania 4.1% (2002)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$9.2 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
$2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years)
Currency:
Definition Field Listing
new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the euro is legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav dinar are legal (2002)
Currency code:
Definition Field Listing
YUM
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 65 (2002), 10.0 (December 1998); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998)
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Serbia and Montenegro
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.017 million (1995)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
87,000 (1997)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.yu
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
Definition Field Listing
9 (2000)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
400,000 (2001)
   Transportation    Serbia and Montenegro
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 4,059 km
standard gauge: 4,059 km 1.435-m gauge (1,364 km electrified) (2002)
Highways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 49,805 km
paved: 31,029 km (including 560 km of expressways)
unpaved: 18,776 km (2000)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing
587 km
note: the Danube River, central Europe's connection to the Black Sea, runs through Serbia; since early 2000, a pontoon bridge, replacing a destroyed conventional bridge, has obstructed river traffic at Novi Sad; the obstruction is bypassed by a canal system, but the inadequate lock size limits the size of vessels which may pass; the pontoon bridge can be opened for large ships but has slowed river traffic (2001)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2003)
Ports and harbors:
Definition Field Listing
Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika
Airports:
Definition Field Listing
45 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 19
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 4 (2002)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 26
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 12 (2002)
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
4 (2002)
   Military    Serbia and Montenegro
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Army (VJ) (including ground forces with border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces)
Military manpower - military age:
Definition Field Listing
19 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 2,579,620 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 15-49: 2,077,660 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males: 81,547 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$654 million (2002)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA%
   Transnational Issues    Serbia and Montenegro
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
the Albanian government calls for the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside its borders in the Kosovo region of Serbia and Montenegro while continuing to seek regional cooperation; several ethnic Albanian groups in Kosovo voice union with Albania; has delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute; in late 2002, Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia adopted an interim agreement to settle the disputed Prevlaka Peninsula, allowing the withdrawal of the UN monitoring mission (UNMOP), but discussions could be complicated by the inability of Serbia and Montenegro to come to an agreement on the economic aspects of the new federal union
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003


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